additional disorders and conditions

About Dystonia Dystonia Defined What is Dystonia? How is Dystonia Diagnosed? What Form of Dystonia Do I Have? Age of onset How the body is affected Cause Primary Secondary Dystonia-plus Additional disorders and conditions Prognosis Forms of Dystonia Focal dystonias Blepharospasm More Info - Blepharospasm Cervical dystonia More Info - Cervical dystonia/Spasmodic torticollis Oromandibular dystonia More Info - Oromandibular dystonia (Cranial dystonia) Laryngeal dystonia More Info - Laryngeal dystonia (Spasmodic dysphonia) Writerï¿½s cramp More Info - Writer's cramp (Hand dystonia) Musician's dystonias More Info - Musicians' dystonias Focal hand dystonia Embouchure dystonia Musicians With Dystonia Early onset generalized dystonia More Info - Early-onset generalized dystonia Dopa-responsive dystonia More Info - Dopa-responsive dystonia Myoclonic dystonia More Info - Myoclonic dystonia Paroxysmal dyskinesias More Info - Paroxysmal dystonia and dyskinesias Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism More Info - Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism More Info - X-linked Dystonia-parkinsonism Secondary dystonia More Info - Secondary dystonias Trauma More Info Drug-Induced More Info Toxins Neurological and Metabolic Disorders Psychogenic dystonia More Info - Psychogenic dystonia Genetics DNA, genes, and proteins Dystonia genes Early onset dystonia Dopa-responsive dystonia Myoclonic dystonia Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Related & Differential Disorders Frequently Asked Questions FAQ Symptoms FAQ Causes FAQ Prognosis Glossary Treatments Non-Drug Therapies Physical therapy Goals Posture and Alignment Tips to Maintain Alignment Daily Activities and Exercise Stretching and Strengthening Stress Management Voice/Speech therapy Oral Medications Anticholinergics Benzodiazepines Baclofen Dopaminergic agents/Dopamine-depleting agents Tetrabenezine Botulinum Toxin Injections Forms of botulinum toxin Methods Optimizing results Immunity Reimbursement Surgery Surgery overview Peripheral surgeries Cervical Dystonia - Bertrand Procedure Laryngeal Dystonia - Selective Denervation and Reinervation Laryngeal Dystonia – Thyroplasty Blepharospasm - Myectomy Generalized Dystonia - Intrathecal Baclofen Brain surgeries Lesioning Procedures Deep Brain Stimulation DBS Reimbursement Guide & Codes Comparing Lesioning & DBS Children & Brain Surgery Discussing surgery with your doctor Complementary Therapy Find a Healthcare Professional Join Healthcare Professionals Form Frequently Asked Questions Dystonia Patient Registries	Additional disorders and conditions Dystonia can be associated with approximately 50 diseases and conditions. These include specific vascular conditions, infections, brain tumors, metabolic conditions, neurodenegerative disorders, demylianating disorders, and structural conditions: Cerebrovascular or ischemic injury (stroke) Arteriovenous malformation Perinatal cerebral injury Viral encephalitis Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis AIDS Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Kernicterus Huntington's disease Parkinson's disease Spinocerebellar ataxias HARP syndrome (Hypobetalipoproteinemia, acanthocytosis, retinitis pigmentosa, pallidal degeneration) Familial frontotemporal dementias Familial basal ganglia calcifications Wilson's disease Juvenile parkinsonism Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1 Ataxia-telangiectasia Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency Vitamin E deficiency Biopterin deficiency Sphingolipidoses Niemann-Pick disease type C and D Ceroid lipofuscinosis Homocystinuria Hartnup disease Methylmalonic aciduria Tyrosinaemia Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Rett's syndrome Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease Dystonia-deafness syndrome Mitochondrial disease including MERRF (myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers) and MELAS (myopathy, mitochondrial-encephalopathy-lactic acidosis-stroke) Leber's disease Leigh's syndrome Neuroacanthocytosis Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease Haemochromatosis Progressive supranuclear palsy Multiple system atrophy Corticobasal ganglionic degeneration Dentatorubropalidoluysian atrophy Glutaric academia Methylmalonic academia Homocystinuria Metachromatic leukodystrophy Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis Primary antiphospholipid antobidy syndrome Gangliosidoses Hallervorden-Spatz disease Multiple sclerosis Atlantoaxial sublaxation Syringomyelia Arnold-Chiari malformation Congenital Klippel-Feil syndrome To locate information and synonyms for the above diseases, the following resources may be helpful. National Organization of Rare Disorders http://www.rarediseases.org National Institutes of Health http://health.nih.gov Web MD http://www.webmd.com

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